_The second edition of ai-PULSE, held at Paris's iconic Station F on November 7, kicked off with a powerful morning session that highlighted some of the most important voices in AI today. The morning’s keynote speakers shared their insights into the latest advancements, the growing power of open-source AI, and the urgent need for Europe to position itself as a hub for sovereign, open, and efficient AI solutions._


## A future shaped by open, efficient, and sovereign AI

Europe is not only catching up with AI powerhouses in the US and China, but is emerging as a formidable force in its own right. **Xavier Niel, Founder of Iliad Group,** began his address with a bold statement: "18 months ago, when we said we wanted to create a tech AI conference in Paris, people told us, 'Guys, you're completely crazy, Europe has no AI ecosystem!' Today, we are proving them wrong." He added, "thanks to our talent, we’re building amazing startups like **Mistral, Poolside,** and **Argil.** And to keep that talent, we’ve created **Kyutai**, where we’re assembling the **‘Avengers of AI’,** bringing together the best minds to develop open source AI models in Europe, built according to our values and regulations."

![Xavier Niel](https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/AI_Pulse_0443_2a6832e2ad.jpg)

One of the most exciting innovations to emerge from **Kyutai** is [Moshi](https://moshi.chat/), an open source conversational AI model. "Moshi is the first truly **open-source AI model** created in Europe, and it’s completely free to use. It’s a game-changer for the industry," **Niel** declared. 

**Damien Lucas, CEO of Scaleway** and **Aude Durand, Deputy CEO of iliad Group,** took to the stage next, declaring that **Moshi** is now available as a one-click deployment service through Scaleway's platform.

**Durand** then emphasized the theme of this year’s event: "Big, Efficient, Open." "In AI, we know that top-tier models require immense computational power," she said. **Lucas** added: ”Scaleway is proud to support **cutting-edge AI models** by offering access to **3000 NVIDIA H100 GPUs today** - triple our total this time last year - and in the coming weeks, **we will surpass 5000 GPUs.** This will allow developers across Europe to leverage the power of AI, while minimizing **environmental impact.**"

![Aude Durand and Damien Lucas](https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/Aude_Durand_and_Damien_Lucas_5e4ed468a5.jpg)

As part of its commitment to sustainable AI, **Scaleway** has also launched its new [Environmental Footprint Calculator](https://www.scaleway.com/en/environmental-footprint-calculator/). "Transparency matters," said **Lucas.** "We want to give developers the tools to understand the environmental impact of their AI workloads, covering everything from emissions to water consumption. It’s the most comprehensive calculator available today, and it’s already in beta." Lucas also unveiled [Generative APIs](https://www.scaleway.com/en/generative-apis/), a new Scaleway service which allows developers to move from Open AI to alternative open source models in just one line of code. More about Scaleway's ai-PULSE announcements [here](https://www.scaleway.com/en/news/scaleway-affirms-ais-big-efficient-and-open-future-at-ai-pulse-2024/).

**Michael Dell, Chairman and CEO of Dell Technologies,** then shared his thoughts on the accelerating pace of AI innovation, drawing comparisons with the rise of the internet. "If you remember **the internet in the mid-90s**, people were wondering what it really meant,” he said. “It took about a decade before the full impact was understood. We're in that same phase with AI today." **Dell** then asserted his belief in the transformative power of AI, both in the cloud and on-device: “AI will be used **both on the cloud and on devices.** It will be used at the edge, on the point of activity closest where the action is. It will run on cloud platforms, on your phone, in cars, factories, and retail stores,” he said. 

**Dell** also spoke passionately about open-source AI, emphasizing that it is a critical driver of innovation. "**Open-source AI has already revolutionized the field**, and it’s just getting started," he enthused. "**Last year would’ve been more about closed models; the world has shifted now. Two thirds of activity is now happening in open models**; derivative, small models that don’t necessarily need to run on massive clusters."

 
![Michael Dell, Dell](https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/AI_Pulse_0578_a46729ee39.jpg)

As AI continues to evolve, **Dell** predicted "we’re transitioning **from calculating to thinking.** The future of AI will require new architectures that bring together data, computing, and cognition in a way that helps humans become more successful," he explained.


## The road to power-efficient AI

**Renee J. James, Chairman and CEO of Ampere Computing,** took the stage next to talk about the future of AI hardware. She reflected on the importance of power efficiency in AI infrastructure. “We set out to build something twice as powerful, but with half the energy consumption, and we ended up getting **3 to 4 times the performance,**” said **James.**

![Renee J. James, Ampere Computing](https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/AI_Pulse_0822_07e72ff1c0.jpg)

In a speech echoing her CPO **Jeff Wittich’s** [assertion last year](https://www.scaleway.com/en/blog/why-cpus-also-make-sense-for-ai-inference/) that Ampere CPUs could handle many inference workloads whilst using 3-5 times less energy than comparable GPUs, she stressed that **AI hardware, particularly processors, need to evolve to meet the increasing demands of AI models.** “Today, we are all about training models, we have people building unlimited clusters to train,” she explained. “But as [AI] starts to moderate and become mainstream, **we have to make it affordable and environmentally efficient,** because we don’t have more power. That's the journey we are going to begin.”

**James** also pointed out that **Europe has an untapped wealth of intellectual talent,** especially in computer architecture, and she believes the continent must focus on increasing investment levels to continue pushing the boundaries of AI hardware. “Access to capital is one of the most important things that needs to continue to improve and the ability for investors to take more risks,” she concluded.

![Renen Hallak, VAST Data, and Aude Durand](https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/AI_Pulse_1195_498a6c0c48.jpg)

**Renen Hallak, Founder and CEO of VAST Data,** agreed with James on the growing importance of efficient data management in **AI scaling.** “AI is changing from allowing us to analyze numbers and rows and columns to pictures and videos, natural language and sound. Older systems were not built for that. So we need to break that paradigm, and that requires a **new software architecture,**” said **Hallak.** He then discussed the shift from CPUs to GPUs for data analysis, emphasizing the need for new software architectures “when you build exabyte-scale clusters that need to manage themselves.” **Hallak** also addressed the growing role of AI agents in problem-solving. “**AI agents will soon be communicating with each other, generating ideas, and solving problems that humans cannot solve on their own,”** he said.

**Bryan Catanzaro, VP of Applied Deep Learning Research Research at NVIDIA,** and **Jean-Baptiste Kempf, Scaleway’s Chief Technical Officer,** shared insights on the future of AI infrastructures. Catanzaro discussed the challenges of scaling AI models, particularly when it comes to GPU clusters. “**We’re going to find that instead of putting a million GPUs in a single data center, we're going to run training and inference in a more distributed way, so we can have better access to electricity, and scale in a more efficient way**,” he said, highlighting the importance of optimizing AI for **both performance and sustainability.**

![Bryan Catanzaro, NVIDIA, and Jean-Baptiste Kempf](https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/AI_Pulse_0947_7cb28e1cf6.jpg)

**Kempf echoed** this sentiment, explaining that new AI models will need to be designed with compute efficiency top of mind. “We talked about thousands or hundreds of thousands of GPUs for training, but **90% of the compute power will actually be dedicated to inference.** So, I don't believe we’ve reached the maximum capacity for inference yet,” he said.

**Catanzaro** added, “we change everything at NVIDIA. My job is to figure out how to change our models and make them much more efficient, both for training and deployment. **NVIDIA is not just a chip company; we focus on accelerating computing through full-stack optimization.** The level of specialization that goes into our GPUs for AI is something we decide on every day, focusing most importantly on machine learning and intelligence.”


## Multimodal foundation mode and groundbreaking voices in AI

**Patrick Perez, CEO of Kyutai,** then spoke about the groundbreaking work behind **Moshi**. “Since launching in mid-September, **Moshi has already been experienced by over half a million people**,”said Perez. He explained that Moshi is more than just a conversational AI; it is a **multimodal foundation model** capable of performing various tasks, from speech synthesis to question answering. “What we’ve created with Moshi is not just a voice model, but a platform for developers to innovate on top of,” he added. **The open-source nature of Moshi is a key part of Kyutai’s mission to democratize AI and ensure that European models can compete on the global stage.**

![Patrick Perez, Kyutai](https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/AI_Pulse_1261_f265aaf8ab.jpg)

**Charles Kantor, CEO of H** then addressed the potential of action models in AI, highlighting the importance of **combining LLMs (Large Language Models) and VLMs (Vision Models) for specialized tasks.** "Action models are incredibly powerful today. By orchestrating LLMs that generate plans and workflows and VLMs that understand interfaces like desktop or Android, you can create systems that can take action effectively," said Kantor. He also emphasized the need for **sector-specific focus**: "the goal is to focus on one industry and master it, building a holistic system with well-orchestrated layers."

![Charles Kantor, H](https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/AI_Pulse_1478_966c47ed21.jpg)

## Building an inclusive AI ecosystem

**Clara Chappaz, France’s Secretary of State for AI and Digital Affairs,** concluded the morning's sessions by discussing the importance of building a distinctive AI ecosystem in Europe. "We are at the very beginning of this technology. **It’s crucial to ensure AI is inclusive, frugal, and ethical**," said Chappaz. She praised **France’s strong educational system for producing top AI talent,** and emphasized the role of infrastructure and private companies, like **Scaleway,** in providing the necessary tools for that talent to thrive and launch companies in France. 

![Clara Chappaz](https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/AI_Pulse_1616_f2ee613181.jpg)

With AI’s growing energy demands, she mentioned the need for green energy in powering infrastructures. “**We [in France] have some of the greenest (lowest carbon) energy in the world.** You all know how much these machines consume when it comes to power and we need to think about how we feed these models with energy that is green, how do we continue fostering these technologies without damaging the planet.” 

![Aude Durand, Clara Chappaz & Damien Lucas](https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/AI_Pulse_1713_e3eb7c2284.jpg)

For Chappaz, what's required is a **'third way' for AI;** a new, collaborative, and inclusive approach to AI development, distinct from the competition-driven dynamics seen in the US and China. “The way we want to build this ecosystem and want to use AI is a way that can resonate with a lot of people. We like to call it the third way; one that brings people together," she concluded. 


- _This is an extract from Saleway's forthcoming **ai-PULSE 2024 white paper**, which will wrap up all of the event's key AI insights. Watch this space!_
- _Meanwhile, you can check out replays of all of the above sessions, plus many more besides, on our [YouTube channel](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-Le3MdpQ79hWz8_t2_pGEw). Enjoy!_


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Kubernetes has become a game-changing technology for container orchestration, and the vibrant open-source community has been a driving force behind its success. The curated selection of Kubernetes tooling presented here shows the breadth and depth of the ecosystem that has grown around Kubernetes.

From automation and monitoring to networking and security, these tools provide a solid foundation for managing containerized applications. The ongoing development of new open-source projects within the Kubernetes community is a testament to its vitality and innovation.

If you have spend countless hours working with Kubernetes, you understand the unique challenges of managing a complex infrastructure at scale. While Kubernetes is an incredibly powerful platform for deploying and managing containerized applications, it can also transform into a complex mess. So let's discover new tools to orchestrate your infrastructure!

![](https://www-uploads.scaleway.com/Kubernetes_tooling_Scaleway_5cef6c71ac.gif)

## Deployment and configuration management 

### Kustomize
[Kustomize](https://kustomize.io/) is a tool that lets you customize Kubernetes resources by applying patches to base configurations. It provides a simple and declarative way to manage your Kubernetes configurations, allowing you to manage different environments and configurations with ease. 
👉 [Kustomize’s GitHub](https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/kustomize) 

### Jsonnet
[Jsonnet](https://jsonnet.org) is a configuration language that can be used to generate Kubernetes manifests. It provides a clear way to define Kubernetes resources using a flexible and expressive syntax, which can be used to manage complex and large configurations. 
👉 [Jsonnet's GitHub](https://github.com/google/jsonnet)

### Skaffold
[Skaffold](https://skaffold.dev/) is a command-line tool that streamlines the development workflow for Kubernetes applications. It supports many popular programming languages and development tools, and can be integrated with CI/CD pipelines.
👉 [Skaffold's GitHub](https://github.com/GoogleContainerTools/skaffold)

### Helm
Helm is the well-known package manager for Kubernetes that simplifies the installation and management of complex applications. It provides a templating system that allows you to define your applications as charts, which can be effortlessly installed and configured on your Kubernetes cluster. 
You can also read more on our [blog post about Helm](https://www.scaleway.com/en/blog/helm-guide/).
👉 [Helm's GitHub](https://github.com/helm/helm) 

### Kubeconfig-generator
[Kubeconfig-generator](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubeconfig-generator) is a tool for generating Kubernetes configuration files (kubeconfig) for multiple clusters and users. With Kubeconfig-generator, you can simplify the process of managing multiple clusters and users by generating configuration files automatically. It supports many popular Kubernetes distributions and can be integrated with CI/CD pipelines. 
👉 [Kubeconfig-generator's Github](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubeconfig-generator) 



## Monitoring and observability 

### Prometheus
[Prometheus](https://prometheus.io) is a monitoring tool that collects metrics from Kubernetes resources and stores them in a time-series database—it is a powerful way to monitor the health and performance of your Kubernetes cluster and applications. 
👉 [Prometheus's GitHub](https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus) 

### Thanos
[Thanos](https://thanos.io) is a tool that extends Prometheus by adding long-term storage, global querying, and cross-cluster federation capabilities to store your Kubernetes metrics over a long period of time. 
👉 [Thano's GitHub](https://github.com/thanos-io/thanos) 

### Grafana
[Grafana](https://grafana.com) is a visualization tool that can be used with Prometheus to create dashboards and visualizations of your Kubernetes metrics, making it smoother to understand the health and performance of your applications. 
👉 [Grafana's GitHub](https://github.com/grafana/grafana) 

### Kubevisor
[Kubevisor](https://kubevisor.io) is a lightweight and extensible Kubernetes resource monitor that provides real-time insights into the health and performance infrastructure. You can visualize resource usage and metrics, set alerts and thresholds, and troubleshoot issues quickly. Kubevisor supports many popular Kubernetes distributions and can be integrated with Prometheus and Grafana. 
👉 [Kubevisor's GitHub](https://github.com/kubevisor/kubevisor)


### Sysdig
[Sysdig](https://sysdig.com) unifies visibility, security, and compliance for Kubernetes and other cloud-native technologies. It allows you to monitor your Kubernetes infrastructure and applications in real-time, detect security threats and vulnerabilities, and enforce compliance policies. Sysdig provides a set of features for monitoring and observability, including container visibility, network security, and compliance auditing. 
👉 [Sysdig's GitHub](https://github.com/sysdiglabs) 



## Logging and tracing 

### Elasticsearch
[Elasticsearch](elastic.co) is a search engine that can be used to store and search logs generated by Kubernetes resources. It simplifies the management and search of logs in Kubernetes to troubleshoot issues in your applications. 
👉 [Elasticsearch's GitHub](https://github.com/elastic/elasticsearch)

### Fluentd
[Fluentd](https://www.fluentd.org) is a data collection tool that can collect logs and send them to Elasticsearch or other destinations. 
👉 [Fluentd's GitHub](https://github.com/fluent/fluentd) 


### Jaeger
[Jaeger](https://www.jaegertracing.io) is a distributed tracing system that can be used to monitor the performance of your Kubernetes applications by tracing requests through your Kubernetes cluster, making it easy to identify performance bottlenecks and troubleshoot issues. 
👉 [Jaeger's GitHub](https://github.com/jaegertracing/jaeger) 

### OpenTelemetry
[OpenTelemetry](https://opentelemetry.io) provides a vendor-neutral and language-agnostic way to collect, process, and export telemetry data to collect logs, traces, and metrics from your  applications and infrastructure, and export them to popular observability platforms such as Prometheus and Grafana. 👉 [OpenTelemetry's GitHub](https://github.com/open-telemetry) 

### Fluent Bit
[Fluent Bit](https://fluentbit.io) is a lightweight and high-performance log and event collector that supports many popular logging systems and formats. With Fluent Bit, you can collect and process logs from your Kubernetes applications and infrastructure, and export them to popular logging platforms such as Elasticsearch and Splunk. 
👉 [Fluent Bit's GitHub](https://github.com/fluent/fluent-bit) 


## Networking and service discovery 

### CoreDNS
[CoreDNS](https://coredns.io) is a DNS server that can be used to provide service discovery within your Kubernetes cluster to manage DNS records for your Kubernetes resources, making it easy to discover and communicate with services within your cluster. 
👉 [CoreDNS's GitHub](https://github.com/coredns/coredns)

### Traefik
[Traefik](https://traefik.io) is a reverse proxy and load balancer that can be used to manage network traffic between Kubernetes resources to manage network traffic and enforce security policies to secure and optimize communication between your Kubernetes resources. 
👉 [Traefik's GitHub](https://github.com/traefik/traefik)

### Istio
[Istio](https://istio.io) is a service mesh that can be used to manage and secure communication between services within your Kubernetes cluster to manage traffic routing, load balancing, and security policies. 
👉 [Istio's GitHub](https://github.com/istio/istio)

### Contour
[Contour](https://projectcontour.io) is a Kubernetes ingress controller that provides a high-performance and scalable way to manage incoming traffic. Contour supports many popular features, such as TLS termination, load balancing, and path-based routing. 
👉 [Contour's GitHub](https://github.com/projectcontour/contour)

## Security 

### Kubernetes Secrets
[Kubernetes Secrets](https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/secret) is a tool that can be used to store and manage sensitive information like passwords and API keys. It provides a simple and secure way to manage secrets within your Kubernetes cluster to protect sensitive information. 
👉 [Kubernetes Secrets's GitHub](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes) 

### RBAC (Role-Based Access Control)
[RBAC](https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/rbac) is a security mechanism that can be used to control access to Kubernetes resources based on roles and permissions to manage access control within your Kubernetes cluster, making it easy to enforce security policies. 
👉 [RBAC's GitHub](https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes) 

### Open Policy Agent (OPA)
[OPA](https://www.openpolicyagent.org) is a policy engine that can be used to enforce security policies and access control within your Kubernetes cluster to define policies, which can be used to enforce security and compliance requirements. 
👉 [OPA's GitHub](https://github.com/open-policy-agent/opa) 

### Kyverno
[Kyverno](https://kyverno.io) is a policy engine designed for Kubernetes to ensure compliance and security for your Kubernetes infrastructure and applications. Kyverno is easy to deploy and configure and provides a powerful set of features for policy enforcement. 
👉 [Kyverno's GitHub](https://github.com/kyverno/kyverno)

### Gatekeeper
Gatekeeper is a policy engine designed for Kubernetes. It provides a way to enforce policies and rules for Kubernetes resources using the Open Policy Agent (OPA) engine. With Gatekeeper, you can ensure compliance and security for your Kubernetes infrastructure and applications. 
👉 [Gatekeeper's GitHub](https://github.com/open-policy-agent/gatekeeper)


## Continuous integration/Continuous deployment 

### Dagger
[Dagger](https://dagger.io/) is a Kubernetes-native deployment tool that simplifies the deployment and management of applications on Kubernetes. With Dagger, you can define and deploy complex applications in minutes, without the need for complex YAML files or custom scripts. It provides a simple and intuitive user interface for managing deployments, with real-time monitoring and logging. 
👉 [Dagger's GitHub](https://github.com/dagger/dagger)


### Jenkins
[Jenkins](https://www.jenkins.io) is a popular CI/CD tool that can be used to automate the process of building, testing, and deploying your applications to Kubernetes. It provides a simple and flexible way to define pipelines, which can be used to automate the entire software delivery process. 
👉 [Jenkins's GitHub](https://github.com/jenkinsci/jenkins) 

### GitLab
[GitLab](https://about.gitlab.com) is a platform that provides CI/CD pipelines for building, testing, and deploying your applications to Kubernetes. It provides a simple and powerful way to manage your source code and automate the software delivery process.
👉 [GitLab's GitHub](https://github.com/gitlabhq/gitlabhq) 

### Argo CD
[Argo CD](https://argoproj.github.io/cd/) is a tool that can be used to automate the deployment of your applications to Kubernetes by using GitOps principles. It provides a simple and powerful way to manage the deployment of your applications, making it easy to ensure consistency and reliability. 
👉 [Argo CD's GitHub](https://github.com/argoproj/argo-cd) 


### Tekton
[Tekton](https://tekton.dev) is an open source framework for building CI/CD pipelines on Kubernetes to define and execute pipelines using Kubernetes resources. Tekton is gaining popularity as more organizations adopt Kubernetes for CI/CD. 
👉 [Tekton's GitHub](https://github.com/tektoncd/pipeline)


## Infrastructure-as-Code (IaC)

### Terraform
[Terraform](https://www.terraform.io) is a tool that can be used to define and manage your Kubernetes infrastructure as code, making it easy to provision and manage your Kubernetes cluster and associated resources.
Learn how to deploy your Terraform module in a few click with our [guided hands-on here](https://www.scaleway.com/en/blog/terraform-module-deploy-your-infrastructure-in-one-click/).
👉 [Terraform's GitHub](https://github.com/hashicorp/terraform) 

### Ansible
[Ansible](https://www.ansible.com) is a tool that can be used to automate the provisioning and configuration of your Kubernetes resources. It provides a simple and powerful way to manage your infrastructure, making deploying and managing your Kubernetes resources easy. 
👉 [Ansible's GitHub](https://github.com/ansible/ansible) 

### Pulumi
[Pulumi](https://www.pulumi.com) is a tool that can be used to create and manage your Kubernetes resources using familiar programming languages like Python and JavaScript. 
👉 [Pulumi's GitHub](https://github.com/pulumi/pulumi)

### Crossplane
[Crossplane](https://crossplane.io) is an open source platform for managing cloud-native infrastructure that helps to manage infrastructure across multiple clouds. Crossplane is gaining popularity as more organizations [adopt multi-cloud strategies](https://www.scaleway.com/en/blog/k8s-multi-cloud/). 
👉 [Crossplane's GitHub](https://github.com/crossplaneio/crossplane) 


## Final thoughts

The momentum Kubernetes has right now is driving so many positive things. Every vendor is taking a Kubernetes-first approach to building their solutions and tools. For example, modern applications are being built and packaged to run on Kubernetes, and most innovations in areas like security and development are being built around Kubernetes. As well as this, every major cloud offers its own Kubernetes services. The ecosystem is huge, it’s still growing, and it’s very welcoming. That last bit is helping lower the entry barrier and allowing more people to enter.

As Kubernetes continues to evolve, we can expect even more exciting developments and advancements to emerge. It's an exciting time to be part of the Kubernetes community, and we look forward to seeing the new tools and solutions that will be developed in the future.










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Today marks one year since Scaleway’s Serverless Functions and Containers entered General Availability. We’ve achieved a lot in the past year, and we’re only just getting started. In the serverless team, we don't see serverless as a single product, but as an ecosystem, driven by a philosophy of making the cloud easier to use, more efficient, but also more affordable to use., we are committed to delivering a set of services and frameworks that provide a complete serverless experience to a diverse range of applications. In this post we’ll describe the big ideas behind the serverless ecosystem, where we are today, and where we’re going in the future. 

## Making the cloud feel like one big operating system 
Writing and running code on a laptop is exactly that, writing the code, then telling the operating system to run it. Developers don't need to specify how to configure or share the underlying resources, which bits of the system to interface with, or what limits they want to enforce. It’s so simple that even children can do it. Serverless is about bringing this same simplicity to the cloud, making it as simple as running an application on your laptop. This means users can focus on writing code, while the serverless platform handles the rest. This means provisioning, configuring, and scaling whatever underlying infrastructure is needed, billing the user only for what they use, and cleaning up afterwards. 

We still have a way to go before we achieve the serverless dream, and today serverless is still synonymous with just two products: function-as-a-service, and container-as-a-service. Both represent a significant step forward in shielding the user from complexity, allowing them to focus on writing code, and billing them only for what they use. However, functions and containers are just the foundations of the larger serverless ecosystem. To provide a complete serverless experience, we must also consider how we compose functions and containers into larger workflows, how we manage state and scale our storage, how we can make it easy to port existing applications, and how we can write new applications for this novel environment. 

## How we built our Serverless foundations: Functions and Containers 

Just as you can’t build a house on shaky foundations, you can’t build a serverless ecosystem without a solid base. In serverless, this base is Functions-as-a-Service and Containers-as-a-Service. These are the workhorses of serverless, executing user’s code, and scaling on demand. On top of this base of FaaS and CaaS, we can build the rest of our serverless ecosystem. We started work on our FaaS and CaaS products as early as 2019. 

Although we were quick to get to an MVP, GA was still almost two years away. These two years were spent on building the scaffolding around the core compute product, to create a secure, smooth, production-grade serverless product. Significant projects included the build-and-deploy pipeline, configuring and stress-testing our autoscaling, performance tuning and profiling, scaling the platform across multiple clusters in multiple regions, security audits, and integrating the product into the Scaleway ecosystem. At the time, the company was focused on bare metal and virtual machines, so setting up and running a scalable serverless infrastructure was a big change in mindset. 

It was also a big technical change, as we were sharing infrastructure between tenants at a much higher granularity, and dealing with high-volume, short-lived workloads. This placed increased stress on our metrics, logs, and internal APIs, and required a rethink of how we do observability and billing. It also put a strain on our nascent managed Kubernetes Service, with the volume of containers regularly causing headaches for the Container Registry Service. We launched the working beta in the summer of 2020. 

The platform was slow during the first weeks due to unexpected consumption from the beta testers and we ran into several scaling issues. Through more than a year of beta tests, we gathered lots of feedback on how we could build an even better and more innovative product. Some of the ideas that came out of this process are still in the pipeline, so watch this space! Finally, after two years of work and a last minute bug that almost crashed the product, we were happy to release our serverless platform to the world. Scaleway’s Serverless Functions and Containers entered GA in November 2021. 

Since then, we have continuously added features to make our products more performant, flexible, powerful, and easy-to-use. Although we will continue to add features to make these foundations even better (such as support for public and private container registries, new language runtimes, and improved logging and metrics), we are now in the next phase of building our serverless ecosystem. 

## What’s next in the serverless ecosystem? 

Now that we have a solid foundation in place with Serverless Functions and Containers, we can look to the future of serverless, and what that means for the rest of the ecosystem at Scaleway. We have worked closely with existing users of both serverless and non-serverless products to determine how our serverless ecosystem can best suit their needs. As a result of these consultations, we are now working on a number of products and enhancements that will allow users to build more complex applications, at larger scale, with more data, and more resources. We can break this work down into 5 categories: workflows, storage, programming, developer experience, and performance. ## Workflows Although users can achieve a lot with single functions and containers, the real power of serverless comes from orchestrating multiple functions and containers as part of larger workflows. These workflows can be used for any multi-stage task, from downstream data processing pipelines, to multi-stage image compression and analysis, to distributed machine learning training. Serverless workflows cannot be configured without suitable plumbing to pass data between stages. This is where Scaleway’s new Messaging and Queueing service comes into play. Part of the next phase of our serverless ecosystem is a serverless orchestrator, built on messaging and queueing, which lets users connect functions and containers to a number of different event sources, including queues, publish-subscribe, and Amazon S3 events. 

## State and storage 
Compute isn’t much use without access to data, so in addition to serverless functions and containers, we need to provide serverless storage. Serverless storage shares many of the properties as serverless compute, namely users don’t have to provision or scale the underlying infrastructure, and they pay only for what they use. Object storage has provided a form of serverless storage for several years at Scaleway, but object storage is only part of the story. To broaden our serverless storage offering at Scaleway, we are working on a new line of serverless NoSQL/SQL databases, which will offer the same auto-scaling, pay-as-you-go experience as Serverless Functions and Containers. 
With combined serverless compute and storage, users can build front-to-back data driven applications without configuring any infrastructure. For example, Lego only uses serverless resources (functions, databases, storage) and managed services (API gateway, Messaging, Emailing …) to run its whole e-commerce platform. This enabled them to create an efficient applications that use few resources most of the year while being able to scale to match customers demand during the Black Friday or the Christmas season. 

## Building new applications and porting existing applications 

Today’s serverless programming model is built on stateless functions. Each function can’t communicate with others, and must be able to operate at arbitrary scale. While this is a powerful tool for certain applications, it makes it difficult to port many existing applications, and presents a steep learning curve for non-serverless developers. Indeed as of today, to maximize Serverless benefits, one must think in terms of small single-purpose functions and how to orchestrate them. As is the case in other distributed and parallel execution environments, we want to support a range of different programming models and applications, not just those built on stateless functions. 
To do this, we are focusing on two themes: a) building new programming models specifically for serverless b) supporting existing applications written for other execution environments. New serverless programming models are those that take advantage of the effectively limitless scaling of the serverless execution environment, inspired by ideas from actor-based parallelism, and messaging passing frameworks. These often cater to distributed, highly parallel applications such as scientific simulations and distributed ML training built on MPI. Porting existing applications means providing seamless integration with other parallel and distributed programming frameworks. Applications built on top of these frameworks can then change a line of config, to switch from their existing execution environment, to the new serverless backend. Two good examples of such frameworks are Spark and Dask, used extensively by data scientists. By porting these frameworks to serverless, we can open up the potential of serverless to a large number of new users and use-cases. 

## Developer experience 
The serverless developer experience is different from that encountered in many other execution environments. By definition, serverless applications are distributed, and run in an environment that is controlled by the provider. This exacerbates challenges around logging, debugging, and monitoring, similar to those found in microservice architectures, especially those relying on Cloud Service Providers services. In particular to verify that the service (function) developed still works in the provider's environment users are required to deploy it, increasing the time to get debugging information hence breaking the code/run/improve loop. 

To improve the serverless developer experience and fulfill the promise of a seamless experience, we are working on a number of tools and enhancements. The first of these is offline development and testing. The serverless execution environment is defined and controlled by the provider, and so replicating it on a local development machine can be challenging. 
We are building tools to help developers get meaningful feedback from their development environment, without having to redeploy functions remotely. The second improvement we are making in this area is monitoring and logging. By integrating with Scaleway’s Observability Platform-as-a-service, we will provide users with a detailed overview of their serverless functions, along with logs and metrics that can help them manage this distributed environment. 

## Performance 
Performance in serverless is often distilled down to a single problem, that of cold starts. Although cold starts are an important factor, especially in user-facing applications, serverless performance also covers scale-out latency, build times, and latency when interacting with the rest of the ecosystem. These performance concerns are multiplied for every container and function that is added to an application, so it’s important for us to ensure high performance when considering serverless at scale. Our work in this area covers two areas: reducing the build, deployment and invocation time of our existing architecture, and researching new architectures, such as those based on WebAssembly. Reducing the latency in our existing architecture involves caching, pooling and simply reducing the resources needed to execute each function. By adding registry caches, reusing isolation environments between requests, and pooling pre-warmed VMs and containers, we can reduce the latency involved in all aspects of our serverless systems. Experimenting with lightweight isolation mechanisms such as WebAssembly, offers orders of magnitude improvements in cold start times, as well as exciting opportunities to build new custom runtime environments, with low-latency messaging, and shared memory between functions. Our research and development on new serverless runtimes is ongoing, but we hope to reveal some exciting new improvements next year. 

## Final thoughts 
Serverless is a philosophy for building cloud platforms that feel like one big operating system. At Scaleway we’re committed to delivering an ecosystem of products that adhere to this philosophy, allowing users to build large, scalable, stateful applications as simply and affordably as possible. In one short year we’ve built two products that form the foundation of this ecosystem: Serverless Functions and Serverless Containers. There’s much, much more to come, so watch this space, and thank you for joining us on the journey.

Scaleway Blog

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