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Creating a Kubernetes cluster on Scaleway with K3s and Cilium

k3s
cilium
ipv6
Ingress

This step-by-step guide is designed to help you set up a highly efficient Kubernetes environment while minimizing costs and focusing on essential functionality. It caters to those seeking to enhance their understanding of Kubernetes and Cilium, helping them address the specific needs of budget-conscious users and IPv6 implementers.

Before you start

To complete the actions presented below, you must have:

Choosing K3s and Cilium: A lightweight and efficient Kubernetes setup

In this section, we will explore the rationale behind our selection of K3s and Cilium as the core components of our Kubernetes cluster setup. We've chosen these technologies for their lightweight nature and their ability to deliver essential features efficiently.

K3s for efficiency

K3s is a lightweight, easy-to-install Kubernetes distribution designed for resource-constrained environments. It's an excellent choice for this tutorial because it simplifies the installation and management of Kubernetes without sacrificing functionality. K3s offers a reduced memory and CPU footprint, making it suitable for small to medium-scale setups like the one we're creating on Scaleway.

Cilium for enhanced networking and security

Cilium is a powerful Container Network Interface (CNI) plugin for Kubernetes. It's an ideal choice here because it enhances both security and performance. Cilium offers advanced networking and security features, including fine-grained network policies and efficient load balancing. This is particularly beneficial for those who want to leverage Kubernetes for their applications while maintaining a high level of security and performance, even in minimalist configurations.

In the pursuit of cost-efficient infrastructure, our Kubernetes cluster setup adopts an IPv6-only configuration to mitigate expenses associated with IPv4 address management. Our Kubernetes cluster will also support Ingress and Gateway API resources.

Setting up Scaleway infrastructure

In this section, we will walk you through the process of setting up the required infrastructure for your Kubernetes cluster.

To begin with, you need a Scaleway Instance running a Linux-based operating system. We recommend using Ubuntu 22.04 LTS (Jammy Jellyfish) for its compatibility with K3s and Cilium.

A single-node server installation is a fully functional Kubernetes cluster. It is not necessary to add servers or agent nodes, but you may want to do so to add capacity or redundancy to your cluster (see adding k3s node.

Follow these steps to create your Instance on Scaleway:

  1. Set the environment variable to the zone where you want to deploy your cluster, e.g. fr-par-2.

    $ export SCW_DEFAULT_ZONE=fr-par-2

  2. Create a Virtual Private Cloud (VPC).

    $ scw vpc vpc create

ID                   4734fb11-fe52-4517-a06a-1541abefd121
Name                 cli-vpc-competent-solomon
Region               fr-par
IsDefault            false
CreatedAt            now
UpdatedAt            now
PrivateNetworkCount  0

  3. Create a Private Network.

    $ scw vpc private-network create subnets.0="fd7c:71f5:8976::/64" vpc-id=4734fb11-fe52-4517-a06a-1541abefd12

ID                   35712479-ef79-444b-94cb-c52160973505
Name                 cli-pn-crazy-gould
Region               fr-par
CreatedAt            now
UpdatedAt            now
Subnets.0.ID         17bacee6-606a-427e-a4b9-942b845af16f
Subnets.0.CreatedAt  now
Subnets.0.UpdatedAt  now
Subnets.0.Subnet     172.16.4.0/22
Subnets.1.ID         8c3108a9-68af-43ce-bec5-90321ff6f50a
Subnets.1.CreatedAt  now
Subnets.1.UpdatedAt  now
Subnets.1.Subnet     fd7c:71f5:8976::/64
VpcID                4734fb11-fe52-4517-a06a-1541abefd121
DHCPEnabled          true

  4. Create an IPv6 routed IP address.

    $ scw instance ip create type=routed_ipv6

ID            aa549e1d-15d5-4060-94da-0868a161bdef
Type          routed_ipv6
State         detached
Prefix        2001:bc8:1210:2fb::/64
Zone          fr-par-2

  5. Create the Instance:

    $ scw instance server create name=main type=AMP2-C4 image=ubuntu-jammy routed-ip-enabled=true ip=none tags.0="k3s"

ID                          a2c29016-690c-40bc-a35f-898646d958d4
Name                        main
AllowedActions.0            poweron
AllowedActions.1            backup
Tags.0                      k3s
CommercialType              AMP2-C4
CreationDate                1 second ago
DynamicIPRequired           false
RoutedIPEnabled             true
EnableIPv6                  false
Hostname                    main

  6. Attach the IPv6 address created in step 1 to the newly created Instance.

    $ scw instance ip attach 2001:bc8:1210:2fb:: server-id=a2c29016-690c-40bc-a35f-898646d958d4

IP.ID            aa549e1d-15d5-4060-94da-0868a161bdef
IP.Server.ID     a2c29016-690c-40bc-a35f-898646d958d4
IP.Server.Name   main
IP.Type          routed_ipv6
IP.State         pending
IP.Prefix        2001:bc8:1210:2fb::/64
IP.Zone          fr-par-2

  7. Attach the Instance to the Private Network.

    $ scw instance private-nic create server-id=a2c29016-690c-40bc-a35f-898646d958d4 private-network-id=35712479-ef79-444b-94cb-c52160973505

PrivateNic.ID                a7cb3de8-c175-4414-a956-17799d4363e3
PrivateNic.ServerID          a2c29016-690c-40bc-a35f-898646d958d4
PrivateNic.PrivateNetworkID  35712479-ef79-444b-94cb-c52160973505
PrivateNic.MacAddress        02:00:00:22:eb:25
PrivateNic.State             syncing

  8. Create an environment variable named $main with the public IPv6 address assigned to the Instance for later use.

    $ export main=$(scw instance server get a2c29016-690c-40bc-a35f-898646d958d4 | awk '$1 == "PublicIP.Address" {print $2}')

Installing K3s and Cilium

In this section, we'll guide you through the process of installing K3s on your Scaleway Instance and setting up a Kubernetes cluster.

Due to GitHub's lack of IPv6 support, you'll need to fetch and save the K3s and Cilium binaries manually to the host.

  1. On your local machine, run the following command to upload the K3s binary to the /usr/local/bin folder on $main.

    $ wget https://github.com/k3s-io/k3s/releases/download/v1.28.2%2Bk3s1/k3s-arm64
$ scp -6 ./k3s-arm64 root@[$main]:/usr/local/bin/k3s
$ ssh root@[$main] chmod +x /usr/local/bin/k3s

    The K3s binary for each architecture can be found on the releases page.

  2. On your local machine, run the following command to upload the Cilium binary to the /usr/local/bin folder on $main:

    $ CILIUM_CLI_VERSION=$(curl -s https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cilium/cilium-cli/main/stable.txt)
$ CLI_ARCH=arm64
$ curl -L --fail --remote-name-all https://github.com/cilium/cilium-cli/releases/download/${CILIUM_CLI_VERSION}/cilium-linux-${CLI_ARCH}.tar.gz{,.sha256sum}
$ sha256sum --check cilium-linux-${CLI_ARCH}.tar.gz.sha256sum
$ scp -6 ./cilium-linux-${CLI_ARCH}.tar.gz root@[$main]:/tmp
$ ssh root@[$main] tar xzvfC /tmp/cilium-linux-${CLI_ARCH}.tar.gz /usr/local/bin
$ ssh root@[$main] rm /tmp/cilium-linux-${CLI_ARCH}.tar.gz
$ rm cilium-linux-${CLI_ARCH}.tar.gz{,.sha256sum}

    The Cilium binary for each architecture can be found on the releases page

  3. Connect to the Scaleway Instance with ssh root@[$main].

  4. Create environment variables named public_ip and private_ip with the public and private IPv6 addresses assigned to the Instance:

    $ export public_ip=$(ip -6 addr show dev enp0s1 scope global | awk '$1 == "inet6" {print substr($2, 1, length($2)-3)}')
$ export private_ip=$(ip -6 addr show dev enp1s0 scope global | awk '$1 == "inet6" {print substr($2, 1, length($2)-4)}')

  5. Install K3s:

    $ curl -sfL https://get.k3s.io | INSTALL_K3S_SKIP_DOWNLOAD=true INSTALL_K3S_EXEC="--flannel-backend=none --disable-network-policy --disable-kube-proxy --disable=traefik --disable=metrics-server --disable=local-storage --disable-helm-controller --cluster-cidr=2001:cafe:42:0::/56 --service-cidr=2001:cafe:42:1::/112 --node-external-ip=$public_ip --node-ip=$private_ip" sh -

    You can check the K3s documentation to gather additional information on the available packaged components.

  6. For the Cilium CLI to access the cluster in successive steps you will need to use the kubeconfig file stored at /etc/rancher/k3s/k3s.yaml by setting the $KUBECONFIG environment variable:

    $ export KUBECONFIG=/etc/rancher/k3s/k3s.yaml

  7. As you will install Cilium with Gateway API support, you need to make sure the Gateway API CRDs (Custom Resources Definitions) are installed.

    $ kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes-sigs/gateway-api/v0.5.1/config/crd/standard/gateway.networking.k8s.io_gatewayclasses.yaml
$ kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes-sigs/gateway-api/v0.5.1/config/crd/standard/gateway.networking.k8s.io_gateways.yaml
$ kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes-sigs/gateway-api/v0.5.1/config/crd/standard/gateway.networking.k8s.io_httproutes.yaml
$ kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes-sigs/gateway-api/v0.5.1/config/crd/experimental/gateway.networking.k8s.io_referencegrants.yaml
$ kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes-sigs/gateway-api/v0.7.0/config/crd/experimental/gateway.networking.k8s.io_tlsroutes.yaml

    You can get additional details on the Gateway API site.

  8. Now, install the Cilium plugin:

    $ cilium install --version 1.14.2 --namespace kube-system --set kubeProxyReplacement=true --set k8sServiceHost=$private_ip --set k8sServicePort=6443 --set ingressController.enabled=true --set ingressController.loadbalancerMode=shared --set ingressController.default=true --set gatewayAPI.enabled=true --set ipv4.enabled=false --helm-set routingMode=native --helm-set ipv6NativeRoutingCIDR=fd00::/8 --helm-set enableIPv6Masquerade=true --set ipv6.enabled=true --helm-set autoDirectNodeRoutes=true

  9. Validate that Cilium has been properly installed with the cilium status --wait command:

    $ cilium status --wait

    /¯¯\
/¯¯\__/¯¯\    Cilium:             OK
\__/¯¯\__/    Operator:           OK
/¯¯\__/¯¯\    Envoy DaemonSet:    disabled (using embedded mode)
\__/¯¯\__/    Hubble Relay:       disabled
    \__/       ClusterMesh:        disabled

DaemonSet              cilium             Desired: 1, Ready: 1/1, Available: 1/1
Deployment             cilium-operator    Desired: 1, Ready: 1/1, Available: 1/1
Containers:            cilium             Running: 1
                      cilium-operator    Running: 1
Cluster Pods:          2/2 managed by Cilium
Helm chart version:    1.14.2
Image versions         cilium             quay.io/cilium/cilium:v1.14.2@sha256:6263f3a3d5d63b267b538298dbeb5ae87da3efacf09a2c620446c873ba807d35: 1
                      cilium-operator    quay.io/cilium/operator-generic:v1.14.2@sha256:52f70250dea22e506959439a7c4ea31b10fe8375db62f5c27ab746e3a2af866d: 1

Deploying your first application

  1. On the Scaleway node1 Instance, create a my-application.yaml Kubernetes manifest file to specify the resources for deploying traefik/whoami, a Tiny Go webserver that prints OS information and HTTP request to output:

    # my-application.yaml
kind: Deployment
apiVersion: apps/v1
metadata:
  name: whoami
  labels:
    app: whoami
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: whoami
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: whoami
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: whoami
          image: traefik/whoami
          ports:
            - name: web
              containerPort: 80
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: whoami
spec:
  ports:
    - name: web
      port: 80
      targetPort: web
  selector:
    app: whoami
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: whoami-ingress
spec:
  rules:
  - http:
      paths:
      - path: /
        pathType: Prefix
        backend:
          service:
            name: whoami
            port:
              name: web

  2. Apply the my-application.yaml manifest to the cluster:

    $ kubectl apply -f my-application.yaml

  3. Verify that your application is deployed and accessible: http://[$main]/.

  1. Optionally, you can use Cloudflare services to proxy incoming traffic, enabling IPv4 connectivity to your infrastructure. To achieve this, create an AAAA record pointing to the public IPv6 addresses of all your Scaleway Instances.

Adding k3s node (optional)

  1. Reiterate steps 3 to 7 of the Setting Up Scaleway Infrastructure section to create an additional Scaleway Instance named agent-1.

  2. Reiterate step 1 of the Installing K3s and Cilium section to upload the K3s binary to the /usr/local/bin folder.

  3. Create environment variables named public_ip and private_ip with the public and private IPv6 addresses assigned to the Instance:

    $ export public_ip=$(ip -6 addr show dev enp0s1 scope global | awk '$1 == "inet6" {print substr($2, 1, length($2)-3)}')
$ export private_ip=$(ip -6 addr show dev enp1s0 scope global | awk '$1 == "inet6" {print substr($2, 1, length($2)-4)}')

  4. Run the installation script with the K3S_URL and K3S_TOKEN environment variables. Here is an example showing how to join an agent:

    $ export K3S_TOKEN=<K3S_TOKEN>
$ curl -sfL https://get.k3s.io | INSTALL_K3S_SKIP_DOWNLOAD=true K3S_URL=https://main:6443 K3S_TOKEN=$K3S_TOKEN INSTALL_K3S_EXEC="--node-external-ip=$public_ip --node-ip=$private_ip" sh -

    The K3s agent will register with the K3s server listening at the supplied URL. The value to use for K3S_TOKEN is stored at /var/lib/rancher/k3s/server/node-token on your Scaleway main Instance.

  5. Connect to the main node and verify the status of the Kubernetes nodes.

    $ kubectl get nodes

NAME      STATUS     ROLES                  AGE   VERSION
main      Ready      control-plane,main     36m   v1.28.2+k3s1
agent-1   Ready      <none>                 44s   v1.28.2+k3s1

  6. Additionally, verify the status of the Cilium plugin:

    $ cilium status

    /¯¯\
/¯¯\__/¯¯\    Cilium:             OK
\__/¯¯\__/    Operator:           OK
/¯¯\__/¯¯\    Envoy DaemonSet:    disabled (using embedded mode)
\__/¯¯\__/    Hubble Relay:       disabled
    \__/       ClusterMesh:        disabled

Deployment             cilium-operator    Desired: 1, Ready: 1/1, Available: 1/1
DaemonSet              cilium             Desired: 2, Ready: 2/2, Available: 2/2
Containers:            cilium             Running: 2
                      cilium-operator    Running: 1
Cluster Pods:          4/4 managed by Cilium
Helm chart version:    1.14.2
Image versions         cilium             quay.io/cilium/cilium:v1.14.2@sha256:6263f3a3d5d63b267b538298dbeb5ae87da3efacf09a2c620446c873ba807d35: 2
                      cilium-operator    quay.io/cilium/operator-generic:v1.14.2@sha256:52f70250dea22e506959439a7c4ea31b10fe8375db62f5c27ab746e3a2af866d:

  7. Thanks to the K3s ServiceLB LoadBalancer controller, your application is also accessible via the public IP address of the new Scaleway Instance.

Conclusion

In this tutorial, we created a highly efficient and cost-effective Kubernetes cluster on the Scaleway cloud platform. We started by laying the foundation, setting up an IPv6-only infrastructure, replacing the traditional kube-proxy with Cilium for enhanced security and performance.

With K3s as our Kubernetes distribution, we streamlined the installation and configuration process, and by opting for minimalist components, we optimized our cluster for the essentials, all while keeping costs in check.

If you prefer not to handle the management and configuration of a Kubernetes cluster yourself, you may want to explore Scaleway Kubernetes Kapsule, a fully managed Kubernetes solution.

Additional resources

To continue your learning and exploration of Kubernetes, here are some valuable resources:

  • K3s Documentation: The official documentation for K3s provides in-depth information on installation, configuration, and advanced features.

  • Cilium Documentation: Explore the official documentation of the Cilium CNI plugin for Kubernetes, including detailed guides and use cases.

  • Kubernetes Documentation: The Kubernetes official documentation is a comprehensive resource for all things Kubernetes, from introductory concepts to advanced topics.

With these resources at your disposal, you'll be well-equipped to continue your Kubernetes journey, tackle more complex configurations, and adapt your cluster to meet evolving demands.

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